2T2R binary weight cell with high on/off ratio background

ABSTRACT

A weight cell and device are herein disclosed. The weight cell includes a first field effect transistor (FET) and a first resistive memory element connected to a drain of the first FET, and a second FET and a second resistive memory element connected to a drain of the second FET. The drain of the first FET is connected to a gate of the second FET and the drain of the second FET is connected to a gate of the first FET.

PRIORITY

This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to a U.S. Provisional Patent Application filed on Feb. 19, 2019in the United States Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No.62/807,534, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND

There is an increasing demand for hardware accelerators for machinelearning (ML) applications. The computations that dominate many of theseML applications are matrix vector multiplications. It is possible to domatrix vector multiplication very efficiently in analog through acrossbar network. However, in order to represent the weight, a memoryelement must be introduced in each weight cell. Static random accessmemory (SRAM) is large and power inefficient. Non-volatile memoryoptions such as redundant random access memory (RRAM), FLASH orspin-torque transfer magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) oftensuffer from a subset of other challenges including low on/off ratios,high variation and non-compatible programming voltages.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment, a weight cell is provided. The weight cellincludes a first field effect transistor (FET) and a first resistivememory element connected to a drain of the first FET, and a second FETand a second resistive memory element connected to a drain of the secondFET. The drain of the first FET is connected to a gate of the second FETand the drain of the second FET is connected to a gate of the first FET.

According to one embodiment, a device is provided. The device includesan array of weight cells, each weight cell including a first fieldeffect transistor (FET) and a first resistive memory element connectedto a drain of the first FET, and a second FET and a second resistivememory element connected to a drain of the second FET, the drain of thefirst FET being connected to a gate of the second FET and the drain ofthe second FET being connected to a gate of the first FET. The deviceincludes a processor configured to perform inference with the array ofweight cells by setting inputs for a row of weight cells from among thearray of weight cells according to a logical value of a correspondingneuron and reading outputs of a column of weight cells from among thearray of weight cells.

According to one embodiment, a device is provided. The device includesan array of weight cells, each weight cell including a first fieldeffect transistor (FET) and a first resistive memory element connectedto a drain of the first FET, and a second FET and a second resistivememory element connected to a drain of the second FET, the drain of thefirst FET being connected to a gate of the second FET and the drain ofthe second FET being connected to a gate of the first FET. The processoris configured to write to the resistive memory elements according to adirection of a current supplied to the resistive memory elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certainembodiments of the present disclosure will be more apparent from thefollowing detailed description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a weight cell, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a weight cell array, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a graph of current output of a weight cell array, according toan embodiment; and

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an electronic device in a networkenvironment, according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure are described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be notedthat the same elements will be designated by the same reference numeralsalthough they are shown in different drawings. In the followingdescription, specific details such as detailed configurations andcomponents are merely provided to assist with the overall understandingof the embodiments of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should beapparent to those skilled in the art that various changes andmodifications of the embodiments described herein may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition,descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted forclarity and conciseness. The terms described below are terms defined inconsideration of the functions in the present disclosure, and may bedifferent according to users, intentions of the users, or customs.Therefore, the definitions of the terms should be determined based onthe contents throughout this specification.

The present disclosure may have various modifications and variousembodiments, among which embodiments are described below in detail withreference to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understoodthat the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments, butincludes all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives within thescope of the present disclosure.

Although the terms including an ordinal number such as first, second,etc. may be used for describing various elements, the structuralelements are not restricted by the terms. The terms are only used todistinguish one element from another element. For example, withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure, a first structuralelement may be referred to as a second structural element. Similarly,the second structural element may also be referred to as the firststructural element. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any andall combinations of one or more associated items.

The terms used herein are merely used to describe various embodiments ofthe present disclosure but are not intended to limit the presentdisclosure. Singular forms are intended to include plural forms unlessthe context clearly indicates otherwise. In the present disclosure, itshould be understood that the terms “include” or “have” indicateexistence of a feature, a number, a step, an operation, a structuralelement, parts, or a combination thereof, and do not exclude theexistence or probability of the addition of one or more other features,numerals, steps, operations, structural elements, parts, or combinationsthereof.

Unless defined differently, all terms used herein have the same meaningsas those understood by a person skilled in the art to which the presentdisclosure belongs. Terms such as those defined in a generally useddictionary are to be interpreted to have the same meanings as thecontextual meanings in the relevant field of art, and are not to beinterpreted to have ideal or excessively formal meanings unless clearlydefined in the present disclosure.

The electronic device according to one embodiment may be one of varioustypes of electronic devices. The electronic devices may include, forexample, a portable communication device (e.g., a smart phone), acomputer, a portable multimedia device, a portable medical device, acamera, a wearable device, or a home appliance. According to oneembodiment of the disclosure, an electronic device is not limited tothose described above.

The terms used in the present disclosure are not intended to limit thepresent disclosure but are intended to include various changes,equivalents, or replacements for a corresponding embodiment. With regardto the descriptions of the accompanying drawings, similar referencenumerals may be used to refer to similar or related elements. A singularform of a noun corresponding to an item may include one or more of thethings, unless the relevant context clearly indicates otherwise. As usedherein, each of such phrases as “A or B,” “at least one of A and B,” “atleast one of A or B,” “A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” and“at least one of A, B, or C,” may include all possible combinations ofthe items enumerated together in a corresponding one of the phrases. Asused herein, terms such as “1^(st),” “2nd,” “first,” and “second” may beused to distinguish a corresponding component from another component,but are not intended to limit the components in other aspects (e.g.,importance or order). It is intended that if an element (e.g., a firstelement) is referred to, with or without the term “operatively” or“communicatively”, as “coupled with,” “coupled to,” “connected with,” or“connected to” another element (e.g., a second element), it indicatesthat the element may be coupled with the other element directly (e.g.,wired), wirelessly, or via a third element.

As used herein, the term “module” may include a unit implemented inhardware, software, or firmware, and may interchangeably be used withother terms, for example, “logic,” “logic block,” “part,” and“circuitry.” A module may be a single integral component, or a minimumunit or part thereof, adapted to perform one or more functions. Forexample, according to one embodiment, a module may be implemented in aform of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

In an exemplary case, a resistive weight cell for semi-digital matrixvector multiplication includes two STT memory devices and n-type fieldeffect transistors (FETs). STT memory devices can be in one of twostates: a high resistive state or a low resistive state. Unfortunatelyfor STT-MRAM, the ratio of the on resistance to the off resistance isquite low (typically only about 2˜3). This present disclosure provides aweight cell configuration where the on/off ratio is closer to that ofthe transistor (10⁴-10⁵). Furthermore, the weight cell producescomplementary output on two lines, output and output bar. If the productof the input signal and the weight cell weight is a logical 1, then theoutput line will have a constant current and the output line bar willhave zero current. Conversely, if the product is a logical 0, then theoutput line will have zero current and the output line bar will have aconstant current.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a weight cell 100, according to an embodiment.The weight cell 100 includes a first magneto tunnel junction (MTJ) 102,a second MTJ 104, a first FET 106, and a second FET 108. The FETs 106and 108 are depicted as n-type FETs (NFET), although p-type FETs may beutilized. The FET 106 includes a drain 110, a gate 112, and a source114. Likewise, the FET 108 includes a drain 120, a gate 122, and asource 124. The weight cell 100 includes a cross coupling, such that thedrain 110 of the FET 106 is connected to the gate 122 of the FET 108 andthe drain 120 of the FET 108 is connected to the gate 112 of the FET106.

The MTJ 102 has a conductance G while the MTJ 104 has a conductance G.The weight cell include four independent external connections: the inputV_(in) to the MTJ 102, the input V_(in) to the MTJ 104, a first outputI_(out) connected to the source 114 of the FET 106, and a second outputI_(out) connected to the source 124 of the FET 108. Each MTJ 102 and 104can be in one of two states, either a high conductance state G_(H) or alow conductance state G_(L). The cross coupling allows for a high on/offratio of the outputs. The MTJs 102 and 104 have different conductancestates and the configuration determines the logical value. For example,if the weight cell 100 has a logical value of 1, then G=G_(L) andG=G_(H). Likewise, if the weight cell 100 has a logical value of 0, thenG=G_(H) and G=G_(L), as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Logical Logical Input V_(in)/V_(in) Weight G G I_(out) I_(out) 00 0 G_(H) G_(L) 0 0 0 0 1 G_(L) G_(H) 0 0 1 V_(r) 0 G_(H) G_(L) 0 I_(r)1 V_(r) 1 G_(L) G_(H) I_(r) 0

During inference, the weight cell performs a multiplication operation inanalog based on the potential on the input lines and the state of theweight cell 100. The product is an analog current on the I_(out) outputline and a controlled complementary output on the I_(out) output line.The logical value of the input is determined by the same potentialapplied to both input lines V_(in) and V_(in) . If both lines are set tohigh, then the input has a logical value of 1. If both lines are set tolow, then the input has a logical value of 0. The state of the weightcell 100 is determined by the conductance states of the two MTJs 102 and104. If G is in the high conductance state and G is in the lowconductance state, then the weight cell 100 has a logical value of 0. IfG is in the low conductance state and G is in the high conductancestate, then the weight cell 100 has a logical value of 1

The output lines I_(out) and I_(out) are held at ground. For logicalinput values of 1, the potential read voltage V_(r) applied to the inputlines corresponds to a value suitable for reads and may be well belowthat which would result in a write disturb fault.

The outputs are given in terms of the currents put on the output lines.The output current (e.g., read current) is either zero or equal toI_(r)=G_(L)V_(r), in the limit of no leakage current and zero seriesresistance of the pass transistors, respectively.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of weight cell array 200, according to anembodiment. The array 200 includes weight cells 202-216. To performinference with the weight cell array 200, the inputs for each row ofweight cells (i.e., inputs V_(in) ¹ and V _(in) ¹ for cells 202-208 andinputs V_(in) ² and V _(in) ² for cells 210-216) are set according tothe logical value of the corresponding neuron. The output lines (i.e.,I_(out)1-I_(out)4B) are then read in parallel along each column ofweight cells and the total current on the output is measured and dividedby I_(r) to obtain the product of the binary multiplication between theN input neurons and the N binary weights in a given column.Additionally, the dot product can be extracted independently from thecurrent on the output line if the number of logical 1's in the vector ofinputs is known. The dot product is then as in Equation (1).

$\begin{matrix}{{\frac{\left( {N - M} \right)\overset{\_}{I_{out}}}{I_{r}}\text{;}\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} M} \leq N} & (1)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 3 is a graph 300 of current output of a weight cell array 200,according to an embodiment. Referring to the weight cell array 200, eachweight cell has a logical value. Weight cell 202 has a logical value of1, weight cell 204 has a logical value of 1, weight cell 206 has alogical value of 0, weight cell 208 has a logical value of 0, weightcell 210 has a logical value of 1, weight cell 212 has a logical valueof 0, weight cell 214 has a logical value of 1 and weight cell 216 has alogical value of 0.

Referring to graph 300, the current read at the output of each column isdifferent, representing different values for different pairs of logicalvalues along each column. The output at I_(out)1 is shown at line 302,the outputs at I_(out)2 and I_(out)3 are shown at line 304, and theoutput at I_(out)4 is shown at line 306.

Writing to a given cell requires separate steps depending on whether theMTJs are being written with a “down” current or an “up” current, whichis defined as the direction of the current with respect to the weightcell. Table 2 shows values for writing down, while Table 3 shows valuesfor writing up.

TABLE 2 Selected Row Other Rows Write Down V_(in) V_(in) V_(in) V_(in)I_(out) I_(out) G V_(w) V_(w) 0 0 0 V_(w) G V_(w) V_(w) 0 0 V_(w) 0

A down current write is one where the current is flowing from the top ofthe weight cell to the bottom of the weight cell. To write a downcurrent, both V_(in) and V_(in) are fixed to a write voltage V_(w),which is a potential that is large enough to write the MTJs and thenhold the output line for the MTJ that is to be written at ground whileraising the output line of the MTJ that is not to be written to V_(w).In an array, the write down operations are preformed row-by-row, whereV_(in) and V_(in) of the row being programmed are set to V_(w) and allthe other V_(in) and V_(in) lines to each of the other rows are set to0.

Table 3 shows values for writing up.

TABLE 3 Selected Other Column Columns Write Up V_(in) V_(in) I_(out)I_(out) I_(out) I_(out) G 0 V_(w) V_(w) V_(w) 0 0 G V_(w) 0 V_(w) V_(w)0 0

An up current write is one where the current is flowing from the bottomof the weight cell to the top of the weight cell. To write an upcurrent, both I_(out) and I_(out) are held to V_(w) and the input lineof the MTJ that is to be written up is set to ground while the other MTJis set to V_(w). In an array, the write up operations are performedcolumn-by-column, where a given column is enabled for writing up bysetting I_(out) and I_(out) to V_(w) and setting all the other I_(out)and I_(out) lines corresponding to the remaining columns to 0.

Other non-volatile memory technologies may be utilized in place of theSTT-MRAM, such as pulse code modulation (PCM), Flash, ferroelectricrandom access memory (FeRAM), resistive random access memory (RRAM),etc. The transistors can be implemented alternatively with p-type fieldeffect transistors. With PFETs, the polarities are all reversed forinference and writes.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an electronic device 401 in a networkenvironment 400, according to one embodiment. Referring to FIG. 4, theelectronic device 401 in the network environment 400 may communicatewith an electronic device 402 via a first network 498 (e.g., ashort-range wireless communication network), or an electronic device 404or a server 408 via a second network 499 (e.g., a long-range wirelesscommunication network). The electronic device 401 may communicate withthe electronic device 404 via the server 408. The electronic device 401may include a processor 420, a memory 430, an input device 450, a soundoutput device 455, a display device 460, an audio module 470, a sensormodule 476, an interface 477, a haptic module 479, a camera module 480,a power management module 488, a battery 489, a communication module490, a subscriber identification module (SIM) 496, or an antenna module497. A least one (e.g., the display device 460 or the camera module 480)of the components may be omitted from the electronic device 401, or oneor more other components may be added to the electronic device 401. Someof the components may be implemented as a single integrated circuit(IC). For example, the sensor module 476 (e.g., a fingerprint sensor, aniris sensor, or an illuminance sensor) may be embedded in the displaydevice 460 (e.g., a display).

The processor 420 may execute, for example, software (e.g., a program440) to control at least one other component (e.g., a hardware or asoftware component) of the electronic device 401 coupled with theprocessor 420, and may perform various data processing or computations.As at least part of the data processing or computations, the processor420 may load a command or data received from another component (e.g.,the sensor module 476 or the communication module 490) in volatilememory 432, process the command or the data stored in the volatilememory 432, and store resulting data in non-volatile memory 434. Theprocessor 420 may include a main processor 421 (e.g., a centralprocessing unit (CPU) or an application processor (AP)), and anauxiliary processor 423 (e.g., a graphics processing unit (GPU), animage signal processor (ISP), a sensor hub processor, or a communicationprocessor (CP)) that is operable independently from, or in conjunctionwith, the main processor 421. Additionally or alternatively, theauxiliary processor 423 may be adapted to consume less power than themain processor 421, or execute a particular function. The auxiliaryprocessor 423 may be implemented as being separate from, or a part of,the main processor 421.

The auxiliary processor 423 may control at least some of the functionsor states related to at least one component (e.g., the display device460, the sensor module 476, or the communication module 490) among thecomponents of the electronic device 401, instead of the main processor421 while the main processor 421 is in an inactive (e.g., sleep) state,or together with the main processor 421 while the main processor 421 isin an active state (e.g., executing an application). The auxiliaryprocessor 423 (e.g., an image signal processor or a communicationprocessor) may be implemented as part of another component (e.g., thecamera module 480 or the communication module 490) functionally relatedto the auxiliary processor 423.

The memory 430 may store various data used by at least one component(e.g., the processor 420 or the sensor module 476) of the electronicdevice 401. The various data may include, for example, software (e.g.,the program 440) and input data or output data for a command relatedthereto. The memory 430 may include the volatile memory 432 or thenon-volatile memory 434.

The program 440 may be stored in the memory 430 as software, and mayinclude, for example, an operating system (OS) 442, middleware 444, oran application 446.

The input device 450 may receive a command or data to be used by othercomponent (e.g., the processor 420) of the electronic device 401, fromthe outside (e.g., a user) of the electronic device 401. The inputdevice 450 may include, for example, a microphone, a mouse, or akeyboard.

The sound output device 455 may output sound signals to the outside ofthe electronic device 401. The sound output device 455 may include, forexample, a speaker or a receiver. The speaker may be used for generalpurposes, such as playing multimedia or recording, and the receiver maybe used for receiving an incoming call. The receiver may be implementedas being separate from, or a part of, the speaker.

The display device 460 may visually provide information to the outside(e.g., a user) of the electronic device 401. The display device 460 mayinclude, for example, a display, a hologram device, or a projector andcontrol circuitry to control a corresponding one of the display,hologram device, and projector. The display device 460 may include touchcircuitry adapted to detect a touch, or sensor circuitry (e.g., apressure sensor) adapted to measure the intensity of force incurred bythe touch.

The audio module 470 may convert a sound into an electrical signal andvice versa. The audio module 470 may obtain the sound via the inputdevice 450, or output the sound via the sound output device 455 or aheadphone of an external electronic device 402 directly (e.g., wired) orwirelessly coupled with the electronic device 401.

The sensor module 476 may detect an operational state (e.g., power ortemperature) of the electronic device 401 or an environmental state(e.g., a state of a user) external to the electronic device 401, andthen generate an electrical signal or data value corresponding to thedetected state. The sensor module 476 may include, for example, agesture sensor, a gyro sensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, amagnetic sensor, an acceleration sensor, a grip sensor, a proximitysensor, a color sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a biometric sensor, atemperature sensor, a humidity sensor, or an illuminance sensor.

The interface 477 may support one or more specified protocols to be usedfor the electronic device 401 to be coupled with the external electronicdevice 402 directly (e.g., wired) or wirelessly. The interface 477 mayinclude, for example, a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI), auniversal serial bus (USB) interface, a secure digital (SD) cardinterface, or an audio interface.

A connecting terminal 478 may include a connector via which theelectronic device 401 may be physically connected with the externalelectronic device 402. The connecting terminal 478 may include, forexample, an HDMI connector, a USB connector, an SD card connector, or anaudio connector (e.g., a headphone connector).

The haptic module 479 may convert an electrical signal into a mechanicalstimulus (e.g., a vibration or a movement) or an electrical stimuluswhich may be recognized by a user via tactile sensation or kinestheticsensation. The haptic module 479 may include, for example, a motor, apiezoelectric element, or an electrical stimulator.

The camera module 480 may capture a still image or moving images. Thecamera module 480 may include one or more lenses, image sensors, imagesignal processors, or flashes.

The power management module 488 may manage power supplied to theelectronic device 401. The power management module 488 may beimplemented as at least part of, for example, a power managementintegrated circuit (PMIC).

The battery 489 may supply power to at least one component of theelectronic device 401. The battery 489 may include, for example, aprimary cell which is not rechargeable, a secondary cell which isrechargeable, or a fuel cell.

The communication module 490 may support establishing a direct (e.g.,wired) communication channel or a wireless communication channel betweenthe electronic device 401 and the external electronic device (e.g., theelectronic device 402, the electronic device 404, or the server 408) andperforming communication via the established communication channel. Thecommunication module 490 may include one or more communicationprocessors that are operable independently from the processor 420 (e.g.,the AP) and supports a direct (e.g., wired) communication or a wirelesscommunication. The communication module 490 may include a wirelesscommunication module 492 (e.g., a cellular communication module, ashort-range wireless communication module, or a global navigationsatellite system (GNSS) communication module) or a wired communicationmodule 494 (e.g., a local area network (LAN) communication module or apower line communication (PLC) module). A corresponding one of thesecommunication modules may communicate with the external electronicdevice via the first network 498 (e.g., a short-range communicationnetwork, such as Bluetooth™, wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) direct, or astandard of the Infrared Data Association (IrDA)) or the second network499 (e.g., a long-range communication network, such as a cellularnetwork, the Internet, or a computer network (e.g., LAN or wide areanetwork (WAN)). These various types of communication modules may beimplemented as a single component (e.g., a single IC), or may beimplemented as multiple components (e.g., multiple ICs) that areseparate from each other. The wireless communication module 492 mayidentify and authenticate the electronic device 401 in a communicationnetwork, such as the first network 498 or the second network 499, usingsubscriber information (e.g., international mobile subscriber identity(IMSI)) stored in the subscriber identification module 496.

The antenna module 497 may transmit or receive a signal or power to orfrom the outside (e.g., the external electronic device) of theelectronic device 401. The antenna module 497 may include one or moreantennas, and, therefrom, at least one antenna appropriate for acommunication scheme used in the communication network, such as thefirst network 498 or the second network 499, may be selected, forexample, by the communication module 490 (e.g., the wirelesscommunication module 492). The signal or the power may then betransmitted or received between the communication module 490 and theexternal electronic device via the selected at least one antenna.

At least some of the above-described components may be mutually coupledand communicate signals (e.g., commands or data) therebetween via aninter-peripheral communication scheme (e.g., a bus, a general purposeinput and output (GPIO), a serial peripheral interface (SPI), or amobile industry processor interface (MIPI)).

According to one embodiment, commands or data may be transmitted orreceived between the electronic device 401 and the external electronicdevice 404 via the server 408 coupled with the second network 499. Eachof the electronic devices 402 and 404 may be a device of a same type as,or a different type, from the electronic device 401. All or some ofoperations to be executed at the electronic device 401 may be executedat one or more of the external electronic devices 402, 404, or 408. Forexample, if the electronic device 401 should perform a function or aservice automatically, or in response to a request from a user oranother device, the electronic device 401, instead of, or in additionto, executing the function or the service, may request the one or moreexternal electronic devices to perform at least part of the function orthe service. The one or more external electronic devices receiving therequest may perform the at least part of the function or the servicerequested, or an additional function or an additional service related tothe request, and transfer an outcome of the performing to the electronicdevice 401. The electronic device 401 may provide the outcome, with orwithout further processing of the outcome, as at least part of a replyto the request. To that end, a cloud computing, distributed computing,or client-server computing technology may be used, for example.

One embodiment may be implemented as software (e.g., the program 440)including one or more instructions that are stored in a storage medium(e.g., internal memory 436 or external memory 438) that is readable by amachine (e.g., the electronic device 401). For example, a processor ofthe electronic device 401 may invoke at least one of the one or moreinstructions stored in the storage medium, and execute it, with orwithout using one or more other components under the control of theprocessor. Thus, a machine may be operated to perform at least onefunction according to the at least one instruction invoked. The one ormore instructions may include code generated by a complier or codeexecutable by an interpreter. A machine-readable storage medium may beprovided in the form of a non-transitory storage medium. The term“non-transitory” indicates that the storage medium is a tangible device,and does not include a signal (e.g., an electromagnetic wave), but thisterm does not differentiate between where data is semi-permanentlystored in the storage medium and where the data is temporarily stored inthe storage medium.

According to one embodiment, a method of the disclosure may be includedand provided in a computer program product. The computer program productmay be traded as a product between a seller and a buyer. The computerprogram product may be distributed in the form of a machine-readablestorage medium (e.g., a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM)), or bedistributed (e.g., downloaded or uploaded) online via an applicationstore (e.g., Play Store™), or between two user devices (e.g., smartphones) directly. If distributed online, at least part of the computerprogram product may be temporarily generated or at least temporarilystored in the machine-readable storage medium, such as memory of themanufacturer's server, a server of the application store, or a relayserver.

According to one embodiment, each component (e.g., a module or aprogram) of the above-described components may include a single entityor multiple entities. One or more of the above-described components maybe omitted, or one or more other components may be added. Alternativelyor additionally, a plurality of components (e.g., modules or programs)may be integrated into a single component. In this case, the integratedcomponent may still perform one or more functions of each of theplurality of components in the same or similar manner as they areperformed by a corresponding one of the plurality of components beforethe integration. Operations performed by the module, the program, oranother component may be carried out sequentially, in parallel,repeatedly, or heuristically, or one or more of the operations may beexecuted in a different order or omitted, or one or more otheroperations may be added.

Although certain embodiments of the present disclosure have beendescribed in the detailed description of the present disclosure, thepresent disclosure may be modified in various forms without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the scope of the presentdisclosure shall not be determined merely based on the describedembodiments, but rather determined based on the accompanying claims andequivalents thereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A weight cell, comprising: a first field effecttransistor (FET) and a first resistive memory element connected to adrain of the first FET; and a second FET and a second resistive memoryelement connected to a drain of the second FET, wherein the drain of thefirst FET is connected to a gate of the second FET and the drain of thesecond FET is connected to a gate of the first FET, and wherein a sourceof the first FET is connected to a first output line and a source of thesecond FET is connected to a second output line.
 2. The weight cell ofclaim 1, wherein the first FET and the second FET comprise n-type FETs.3. The weight cell of claim 1, wherein the first FET and the second FETcomprise p-type FETs.
 4. The weight cell of claim 1, wherein the firstresistive memory element and the second resistive memory elementcomprise magneto tunnel junctions (MTJs).
 5. The weight cell of claim 1,wherein the first resistive memory element and the second resistivememory element comprise resistive random access memory (RRAM) elements.6. The weight cell of claim 1, wherein the first resistive memoryelement and the second resistive memory element comprise ferroelectricrandom access memory (FeRAM) elements.
 7. The weight cell of claim 1,wherein the first resistive memory element and the second resistivememory element comprise pulse code modulation (PCM) memory elements. 8.The weight cell of claim 1, wherein the first output line comprises afirst external connection and the second output line comprises a secondexternal connection.
 9. The weight cell of claim 8, further comprising athird external connection to a lead of the first resistive memoryelement and a fourth external connection to a lead of the secondresistive memory element.
 10. The weight cell of claim 1, furthercomprising a first external connection to a lead of the first resistivememory element and a second external connection to a lead of the secondresistive memory element.
 11. The weight cell of claim 10, wherein thefirst output line comprises a third external connection and the secondoutput line comprises a fourth external connection.
 12. The weight cellof claim 1, wherein the weight cell produces a logical value based on aconductance of the first resistive memory element and a conductance ofthe second resistive memory element.
 13. A device, comprising: an arrayof weight cells, each weight cell including: a first field effecttransistor (FET) and a first resistive memory element connected to adrain of the first FET; and a second FET and a second resistive memoryelement connected to a drain of the second FET, the drain of the firstFET being connected to a gate of the second FET and the drain of thesecond FET being connected to a gate of the first FET; and a processorconfigured to perform inference with the array of weight cells by:setting inputs for a row of weight cells from among the array of weightcells according to a logical value of a corresponding neuron; andreading outputs of a column of weight cells from among the array ofweight cells.
 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the processor isfurther configured to perform inference by measuring a total currentfrom the read outputs and dividing the total current by an outputcurrent.
 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the first resistive memoryelement and the second resistive memory element comprise magneto tunneljunctions (MTJs).
 16. The device of claim 13, wherein the first FETs andthe second FETs comprise n-type FETs.
 17. A device, comprising: an arrayof weight cells, each weight cell including: a first field effecttransistor (FET) and a first resistive memory element connected to adrain of the first FET; and a second FET and a second resistive memoryelement connected to a drain of the second FET, the drain of the firstFET being connected to a gate of the second FET and the drain of thesecond FET being connected to a gate of the first FET; and a processorconfigured to write to the resistive memory elements according to adirection of a current supplied to the resistive memory elements. 18.The device of claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to write tothe resistive memory elements by fixing voltages input to the weightcell to a write voltage when the direction of the current is down. 19.The device of claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to write tothe resistive memory elements by holding currents output by the weightcell to a write voltage when the direction of the current is up.
 20. Thedevice of claim 17, wherein the first resistive memory element and thesecond resistive memory element comprise magneto tunnel junctions(MTJs).